Water Quality Study of the Semenyih River

Water Quality Study of the Semenyih River Semenyih River is chosen as a sampling site in this study also this river is of particular importance in the study of surface water pollution because effluents from industries, mining, municipal sewage, agricultural and urban run-off are discharged into it bringing about considerable change in the water quality. In addition that, Semenyih River is one of the most important rivers in Selangor because of its importance as resource of water, fishing, and for recreation. B Present Status of the Subject Water is an essential requirement of human and industrial developments and it is one the most delicate part of the environment (Das and Acharya, 2003). In the last few decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the demand for freshwater due to rapid growth of population and the accelerated pace of industrialization (Ramakrishnaiah et al. 2009). Assessment of the quantity and quality of water resources is important in hydro environment. The physical and biological properties of water resources are driven by numerous environmental variables such as climate , water waste effluent (Creek 1999).Water quality indices are intended to provide a simple and understandable tool for managers and decision makers on the quality and possible uses of a given water body. Basically, a (INWQS) attempts to provide a mechanism for presenting a cumulatively derived, numerical expression defining a certain level of water quality (Miller et al.1986). The water quality trends clearly show that the majo rity of water quality parameters were high during wet season compared to dry season(Muhd.Barzani et al. 2008). Anthropogenic activities result in significantly decrease of surface water quality of aquatic systems in watersheds (May et al. 2006). Rivers in a watershed play a major role in assimilating or carrying off municipal and industrial wastewater and runoff from agricultural land. River inflows contribute main pollutants to most rivers in a watershed, thereby tending to induce serious ecological and sanitary problems. On the other hand, rivers constitute the main water resources for domestic, industrial, and irrigation purposes in a watershed. Thus it is imperative to prevent and control river pollution and to have reliable information on the quality of water for effective management. Generally, water-related environmental quality is in bad condition due to a great deal of waste, excessive reclamation, over-fishing, and frequent petroleum spills (Chen et al. 2003). The water quality of rivers is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity in space and time, due to the variety of land cover around them. This often makes it difficult to identify water conditions and pollution sources, which is necessary for effective pollution control and water resource management (Kunwar et al. 2005). Malaysia Department of Environment (DOE) has stated that agriculture and livestock plays a main role in contributing river water pollution among other polluter. Livestock wastewater contains high concentration of organic and inorganic nitrogen compound, pathogenic bacteria and high concentration of ammonia-nitrogen. In addition, animals waste have been well documented to cause severe environmental damage in rivers which nutrient rich waste runoff will reach surface water, where it depletes oxygen and increase the algae production. Beside serious environmental problem, animal waste also may become a source of various diseases such as infectious worm larvae hatched from the worm eggs passed out with the feces; contamination encrusted with organic matter is an ideal breeding ground of harmful bacteria. (Anon 2001). In Malaysia, the riverine ecosystem is of particular interest since river water provides about 98% of the countrys water requirements (Azhar 2000). Therefore, contamination of river waters poses a serious health risk to the public. The monitoring of river water quality is under the responsibility of the Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE 1998). According to Muhamad Barzani et al (2005), Semenyih River showed increase in pollution levels due to human activities which is associated with urbanization, industrialization, agriculture and mining activities. Researchers studied the water quality in the Semenyih River Basin based on many parameters such as BOD, COD, DO, NH3-N, TSS,TDS and others, they stated that the range of deterioration in water quality in the river varied depending on the percentage of change in land-use. So the land -use activities within the basin must be carefully planned and controlled for protect the water resource and quality status. C The Strength and Significance of the Research The significance of this research is to provide some water quality data based on the degree of contamination of the Semenyih River. The strength of this research lies in its specific focus on creation water management study based on INWQS, that can be used as reference to other researchers who is interested in knowing Semenyih River and for the people to be attentive for the health situations. In addition, this research will be benefit for researchers particularly who want to know information about the river. D References Anon. 2001. Water Effluent From Pig Farms In Sabah-A Preliminary Investigation Of The Key Environmental Issue (Unpublished). State Environmental Conservation Department, Sabah. APHA. 1998. Standard methods for the examination of waterwaste 20th ed, America Public Health Association, Washington, DC. Azhar, M.G. 2000. Managing Malaysian Water Resources Development Special Bulletin on Issues of Citizens Health 2000. Corporate Development, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia, pp: 40-58. Chen, Y .W., Fan, C.X., Katrin,T., et al. 2003. Changes of nutrients and phytoplankton chlorophyll-a in a large shallow lake, Taihu, China: an 8-year investigation. Hydrobiologia,506: 273-279. Creeks.1999.promoting watershed awareness, http://www.aoinstitute.org/sausal.accessed April21,1999. Das, J., Acharya, B.C. 2003. Hydrology and assessment of lotic water quality in Cuttack city, India. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 150: 163-175. DOE Department of Environment. 1998. Malaysia Environment Quality Report 1998. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Kunwar, P.S., Amrita, M., Sarita,S. 2005. Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti River(India) using multivariate statistical techniques, 538: 355-374. May, A.M., Mutasem, E., Mark, D. S., et al. 2006. Factors influencing development of management strategies for the Abou Ali River in Lebanon. Sci Total Environ, 362: 15-30. Miller,W.W.,Joung, H.M.,Mahannah,C.N.,Garrett.J.R.1986.Identification of water quality differenees in Nevada through index application. J .Environment Quality 15,265-272. Muhd.Barzani Gasim.2008.Water Quality of Several Feeder Rivers between Two Seasons in Tasik Chini ,Pahang .Sains Mal .313-321. Muhd.Barzani,. Ismail, B. S.,Wan, N. A., Muhammad,I.Y,.Marlia,M.H.2005.Water Quality assessment of the Semenyih River basin langor, Malaysia. Jurnal Biosains, 16(1)-95. Nives,S.G.1999.Water Quality Evaluation by Index in Dalmatla, Institute Split,Vukovarska46, 21000Split,Croatia. Okeke, C.O., Igboanua, A.H. 2003. Characteristics and quality assessment of surface water and groundwater recourses of Akwa Town, Southeast, Nigeria. J. Niger. Assoc. Hydrol. Geol., 14: 71-77. Ramakrishnaiah, C.R., Sadashivalah, C. 2009. Assessment of water quality index for the groundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State. Indian J. Chem., 6: 523-530. IV RESEARCH APPROACH A Research Methodology This research will be carried out in six stages ,as follows: Stage 1: Literature Review This stage involves a literature review on the status study of water quality in Semenyih River _ level of pollution, spreading, estimation, and the reasons of contamination. Because with the continuous increase of population, the pollutant factors will become increasing. Stage 2: Recognisance survey Based on findings in Stage1, a recognisance survey will be carried out to determine the site of sample stations. The selection will take into consideration the locations that samples will collect from them in Semenyih River. Stage 3: Field work Field work will be carried out at the selected site in Stage 2. Activities will be as the following: the river will be divided into seven stations. In each station two samples will be collected. Water samples will be collected in clean bottles and the samples will be kept in iced store and will be processed at the lab, while the BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand)samples must be collected in black and dark bottles, light can not penetrate it. The following parameters are in-situ parameters that will be measured in the field work. PH. Conductivity. DO (Dissolved Oxygen). Temperature TDS(Total dissolved solids) All these parameters will be carried out in-situ and the equipment must be Calibrated before taking any measurements. Stage 4: Laboratory / Analytical work The following water quality parameters such as (BOD, NO3, NH3-N, PO4, SO4, and E.coli) would be analyzed in the laboratory .all analysis will perform in accordance with standard methods and will conduct within allowable holding times. a- BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand): BOD5 Measures the amount of oxygen used by bacteria and other microorganisms during a five -days period. Water quality samples will be stored in two black bottles .dissolved oxygen in the first bottles will measure in-situ with DO meter and the reading will be recorded as DO1. Second samples will be kept at 20Â °C for five days , dissolved oxygen will measure again as DO5.BOD will be determined from the difference between DO1 and DO5. b- NO3 (Nitrate):Cadmium Reduction Method will use for measurement of nitrate parameter. Fifteen ml water sample will put into measuring cylinder. NitraVer 6 nitrate Reagent Powder Pillow will be added and shaken for three minutes. Then, the solution will be allowed to settle for two minutes. Then, 10 ml water samples will put into cell and added with NitriteVer 3 Nitrite Regent Powder Pillow. Sample cell will recap and shake for 30 seconds. Samples will be analyzed by spectrophotometer HACH 500 with program 351N ,Nitare LR. Ten ml of water will use sample as a blank. c- NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen):Nessler Method will be used for ammonia nitrogen measurement. Water samples (25 ml) and 25 ml deionized water will put in two cylinders and three drops of mineral stabilizer will be added into each cylinder. The cylinders will shake for one minute. Then, three drops of Polyvinyl Alcohol Dispersing Agent will add to the solution. The solution will shake and 1ml of reagent Nessler (K2HgI4) will add and shake again for one minute. All solution will be put into sample cell and analyzed by spectrophotometer HACH DR 500 which is program 380 N, Ammonia, Ness will be selected. Deionized water will use as blank (HACH 2003). d- PO4 (Phosphate): Acid Ascorbic (Phos Ve r 3) Methods will use for measurement of phosphate . Ten ml water sample will be put into cell sample and added with Phos Ver 3 Powder Pillow and shaken for two minutes. Samples will be analyzed by spectrophotometer HACH 500 with program 490 P React, PV. Water sample without treatment will use as a blank. e-SO4 (Sulphate): Sulfa Ver 4 Method will use for sulphate measurement. Ten ml water sample will be put into cell sample and added with Sulfa Ver 4 Powder Pillow and shaken for five minutes. Spectrophotometer HACH DR 500 will use for analysis the sample by program 680 Sulfate. water sample without treatment will use as a blank. . f- Faecal coliform (E. coli) : the membrane filtration technique will be used for the coliforms group, including fecal coliforms. After 24 hours of collection , water samples (10ml)will serially dilute with 90 ml phosphate saline buffer. This method consists of drawing a measured volume of water through a filter membrane fine enough to trap the bacteria, and placing of filter on a growth medium (chromocult coliform agar) in a petri dish. The 0.45Â µm nitro-cellulose membrane will use. After filtration and placing thefilter membrane on the cultural medium. The plates will incubate for 24 hours at 37Â °C. The number of colonies growth at the membrane will be counted and recorded as the colony forming units(CFU) Step-by-step procedures: (1) Collect the sample and make any necessary dilutions. (2) Select the appropriate nutrient or culture medium. Dispense the broth into a sterile Petri dish, evenly saturating the absorbent pad.(3)Flame the Forceps, and remove the membrane from the sterile package. (4) Place the membrane filter into the funnel assembly.(5) Flame the pouring lip of the sample container and pour the sample into the funnel.(6) Turn on the vacuum and allow the sample to draw completely through the filter.(7) Rinse funnel with sterile buffered water. Turn on vacuum and allow the liquid to draw completely through the filter.(8) Flame the forceps and remove the membrane filter from the funnel.(9) Place the membrane filter into the prepared Petri dish.(10) Incubate at the proper temperature and for the appropriate time period.(11) Count the colonies under 10 15 X magnification. (12) Confirm the colonies and report the results. Stage 5: Data compilation and interpretation Data will be compiled as follows: (a) Location of site, (b) Quantity of pollution and expansion in the river, (c) Evaluation of water quality in the river, (d) The reasons of contamination, (e) data will use a suitable statistical analysis programme to process and analyse. Stage 6: Report writing and submission It is anticipated that the project will comprise the following chapters: (a) Introduction, (b) Objectives and rationales of the study, (c) Overview, (d) Methodology and study area description, (e) analysis and discussion of results (f) Conclusion and recommendation for further work. B Research Activities The research activities covering the two-semester period of study are as follows: 1. Literature review (July 2010- October2010) A literature review on the status study of water quality at Semenyih River- level of pollution, spreading, estimation, and the reasons of contamination. Because with the continuous increase of population around the river, the pollutant factors will become increasing. 2. Recognisance survey (July 2010) Based on the literature review, a recognisance survey will be carried out to determine the site of sample stations. The selection will take into consideration the locations that samples will collect from them in Semenyih River. 3. Field work (July and November2010) Field work will be carried out at the selected after the recognisance survey. Activities include: The river will be divided into seven stations. In each station two samples will be collected. Water samples will be collected in clean bottles and the samples will be kept in iced store and will be processed at the lab, while the BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) samples must be collected in black and dark bottles, light can not penetrate it. The following parameters will be measured in the field work.(1)PH, (2)TDS, (3) Conductivity, (4) DO (Dissolved Oxygen), (5)Temperature. 4. Laboratory / Analytical work (August2010 and December2010) This part constitutes the following activities: (a) The following water quality parameters such as (BOD, NO3, NH3-N, PO4, SO4, E.coli) would be analyzed in the laboratory .all analyses will perform in accordance with standard methods and will conduct within allowable holding times. (a) BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand): BOD5 Measures the amount of oxygen used by bacteria and other microorganisms during a five-days period, (b) NO3 (Nitrate): Cadmium Reduction Method will use for measurement of nitrate parameter, (c) NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen):Nessler Method will be used for ammonia nitrogen measurement, (d) PO4 (Phosphate): Acid Ascorbic (Phos Ve r 3) Methods will use for measurement of phosphate. (e) SO4 (Sulphate): Sulfa Ver 4 Method will use for sulphate measurement (i) Fecal coliform (E. coli) : the membrane filtration technique will be used for the coliforms group, including fecal coliforms. 5. Data compilation and interpretation (December 2010- February 2011) Data will be compiled as follows: (a) Location of site, (b) Quantity of pollution and expansion in the river, (c) Evaluation of water quality in the river, (d) The reasons of contamination, (e) data will use a suitable statistical analysis programme to process and analyse. 6. Report writing and submission (February April 2011) It is anticipated that the project will comprise the following chapters: (a) Introduction, (b) Objectives and rationales of the study, (c) Overview (d) Methodology and study area description, (e) analysis and discussion of results (f) Conclusion and recommendation for further work. C Key Milestones of the Research The progress of the research will be monitored through three key milestones, as follows: August 2010 Completion of major field work, samples are ready to be analysed. March2011 Completion of major laboratory and analytical work, data are ready for interpretation. May 2011 Submission of thesis. The research activities are shown in Appendix. D Risks of the Research Risks Degree of Risks Effect of weather on the sampling programme very Low (Time-related risk) Shortage of time low V BENEFITS OF THE RESEARCH It is anticipated that the findings of this research will benefit the following sectors: Knowledge From this study we will know pollution status at Rompin River and the sources that caused this pollution. In the future, the findings for this research may be benefit for people who live on the two sides of the river. Public and Private Sectors This study could be one of the components to built management control methods that may be more effective and economic.

A life in the day of Paul Harris Essay

I wake up 6:30 a. m. with my light going on and a very loud voice shouting, â€Å"Get up Paul! Immediately or I will stop you from playing stupid games on your Playstation. † (I find this one of my mother’s most annoying habits. ) I eventually haul myself out of my bed and stagger to the bathroom, where I transform my self from Ape to human. Laura my adorable (if somewhat a pain), sister, is already dressed and downstairs feeding our cat Bobby. Dad is blocking the stairs putting his shoes on as he advances to work for another day in the bank. Mum is busy juggling the washing machine, the toaster, packed lunch and signing my planner. Just as I think it is safe to come down stairs, to have a tasty breakfast of Coco Pops, my mum would start practicing Opera, for her lesson on Friday lunch time. I don’t particularly like Opera, I prefer Punk rock, my favourite band is Blink 182 and my favourite song is, â€Å"All the small things. † The trip to school is fun and exciting with lots of little alloy ways to get lost in. The ride on the train is an exciting but short journey from Hightown station towards Freshfeld station via Formby station. I walk to school from there with my best friend Jamie Hall, who has his hair up spiked and also likes Punk rock. We both share a big interest in computers and we are both going to build a computer individually. School is a mixture of excitement and work (education). This year I have taken a great interest in my education because it is the start of my G. C. S. E’s. A time of hard work to get qualifications. I particularly have to work at English, but I’m lucky because my English teacher is a good teacher, who teaches the class properly. I enjoy I. T because it is full of interesting facts about computers and when the teacher’s not looking, I start playing games like Sonic the Hedgehog. Math’s is a good subject because I can do the work, at the moment. I sit next to Michael Roberts who can be good fun but gets moody sometimes (we all have faults and mine is that I rush things). At breaks I walk round the school mumbling about computers or games with Jamie. Sometimes I play a game called manhunt with a few of my other friends, like Ashlee Rowe. It is a physical game that involves chasing people and catching them. When it is time to leave school, I wait for my friend Allister in year ten, (we live next door to each other). We get the train together; Allister is more obsessed about computers than I am, but he adores games and I love all aspects of computers. When I get home, my homework comes first before any thing else, so I do it, have something to eat, before my horrible task of ironing my Army cadet’s uniform. I go to cadets with a friend from school called Danny; He can be a bit strange at times because he makes noises with his mouth. Cadets is enjoy full because I love the Army and the activities I do (I’m not the best at shooting because I’m short sighted). I think The Army will be my career as an officer or I might join the navy, as an engineering officer. For now I will think I will stay who I am. When dad gets home from a very stressful job, he is usually moody like a bear with a sore head, so I help him buy making him a brew of P. G Tips tea. At tea time I have to gulp my tea down so I’m ready for cadets. My friend Chris Caralan picks me up for cadets he is 15 and has recently lost his lance corporal stripe for forgetting to go to annual camp. To night will be a brilliant night because I get to go in the best tank in the world, The ‘Challenger 2. ‘ When we arrived at the Army camp it was there, the ‘Challenger 2. ‘ A giant monster by its self, a khaki coloured snail with a thick layer of armour like a shell. It had two eyes both sides of the turret to give it character. When one of the officers turned on the engine it roared like a grizzly bear. We got a chance to gone in it and a guided tour. After a long exhausting day I finally get a chance to drop off at the land of nod.

Advertising Practices in the US and the UK Essay

In spite of the many cultural similarities between the United States and the United Kingdom, there are significant differences between American and British television advertising. Advertising content in the two countries is substantially different today, even though early British television adverts had a tendency to be made in the American style, and supported by American research methodologies, when television advertising was introduced into British culture in 1955 (Lannon, 1986). Although several differences in the two countries’ television advertising practices have been identified in previous research, this study focuses on one in particular: difference in ad content. This research sets out to discuss said differences in ad content and explores the motivations for these differences. This discussion will examine specific media groups in two different societies and discuss their differences, contributing to developing an understanding of different kinds of media practices. Comparing advertising practices in the United States and United Kingdom is relevant for several reasons: because both countries are highly developed industrial consumer societies, consequently, the same categories of consumer products would be expected to appear in both countries; the British system of regulating TV advertising has been regarded superior to the American approach (Buell, 1977); the deep-seated and widespread belief in the United Kingdom that British culture and American culture are both individually based on different assumptions that are reflected in their respective advertising practices (Weinberger & Spotts, 1989a). Advertising Defined â€Å"Advertising – apart from its more or less hidden purposes – is a form of communication between a sender and a receiver of a message† (Borrelli, 2010). Advertising is deemed as the business of â€Å"bringing into notice; spec. by paid announcement in a printed journal, by prominent display of placards, etc† (Online Oxford English Dictionary), an activity to â€Å"the action of calling something to the attention of the public especially by paid announcements† (Merriam Webster Online). It does not matter whether the advertised item is a product, a service or a better version of ourselves (Myers, 1994). According to Sherry (1987), â€Å"advertising is a system of symbols synthesized from the entire range of culturally determined ways of knowing that is accessible through ritual and oriented toward both secular and sacred dimensions of transcendental experience in hyperindustrial society†(pp. 443-444). McLuhan (1970) refers to it as the cave art of the twentieth century. As art, Williams (1980) perceives advertising as the official art of modern capitalist society, Feasley (1984) as fitting the definition of art by its enrichment and intensification of life, as well as a reflection of our lives, and Borghini, Visconti, Anderson & Sherry (2010) as matching the tendency of art to embody universal fantasies, feelings, and thoughts advertising expresses the rational and emotional experiences and moods of consumers. In his analysis of advertising, Schudson (1984) describes advertising as capitalist realism, which he defines as a set of aesthetic practices promoting and celebrating a certain political economy. Schudson’s (1984) description comes from his understanding of socialist realism, which presents a standard version of reality that is simplified, collective, optimistic, progressive, and socially integrative. Capitalist realism celebrates the choice of the consumer in defense of materialism and individualism by representing consumer satisfaction as an idealized form. â€Å"‘Advertising is capitalism’s way of saying â€Å"I love you† to itself’—(and, as we all know, love means never having to say you’re sorry) (Weinberger & Spotts, 1989a, pp. 44). † Accordingly, Csikszentmihalyi & Rochberg-Halton (1981) say that advertising promotes forms of materialism that are instrumental as well as terminal. Advertising works at the level of semiology to provide goods with meaning, and at the level of semiotics to bring together domestic and political economies into a culture whose dominant force is consumption. By teaching the meaning of and use of goods, advertising helps create understanding; it helps make the categories of culture stable and visible (Douglas & Isherwood, 1979). Semiology is the study of signs and symbols from a general point of view, and through its different meanings, semiotics, by defining a framework, analyzes the signs within this framework and through differentiation with other elements, allows one to make a selection and be more precise in the understanding of the meaning (Depaux, 2011). Semiology and semiotics are especially useful in examining the communication of messages (Ashwin, 1984). Symbols create a culture’s worldview and philosophy. A cultural system acts as both a model of and a model for reality. Advertising can then be seen to shape and reflect reality. Thus, advertising can be viewed as a cultural system, and individual advertisements as a performance exhibiting the larger system (Sherry, 1987). Although research on this topic is underdeveloped (Borghini et al. , 2010), McCracken (1988) says that advertising messages have a cultural meaning in everyday life. Additionally, Elliot (1997) and Willis (1990) discuss advertising as a cultural product consumed symbolically by consumers independently of the products being advertised. So, as British and American cultures are both based on different assumptions (Carey, 1975; Lannon, 1986), and as advertising can be viewed as a cultural system, the two respective cultures (American and British) are mirrored in their respective advertising. Effects of Culture How does television advertising content in the United States and the United Kingdom reflect cultural differences? Consumers in different countries have different ways of deciding which brands to purchase (Zaichkowsky & Sood, 1989), and they have different attitudes about advertising (Durvasala, S. Andrews, J. C. , Lyonski, S. , & Netemeyer, R. G. , 1993). These different ways of doing and thinking about things is called culture; it is the complex of values, ideas, attitudes, and other meaningful symbols that allow persons to communicate, interpret, and evaluate as members of a society (Engel, Blackwell & Miniard, 1995). Every culture is a complex web of social relations, religious beliefs, languages and consumption attitudes and habits. All of which impact how advertising is delivered and received by society members (Tse, Belk & Zhou, 1989). Abd. Rahim and Osman (2005) conducted a study that examined how commercials in Malaysia were impacted by globalization. As a part of their research, they made use of ten consumer culture constructs that were developed by Harris and Morgan (1987) and later adapted by Engel, Blackwell and Miniard (1990) to rationalize how advertising is effective in creating our culture. According to Abd. Rahim and Osman (2005) these constructs are â€Å"projected† (p. 36) into advertisements. The constructs are: 1) sense of self and space, 2) communication and language, 3) dress and appearance, 4) food and feeling habits, 5) time and time consciousness, 6) relationships, 7) value and norms, 8) beliefs and attitudes, 9) mental processes and learning and 10) work habits and practices. Alden, Steenkamp and Batra (1999) support the existence and use of these constructs with their culture positioning theory that implies that, as a rule there are three brand positioning strategies used in advertising strategies, specifically the Local, Foreign and Global Consumer Culture Positioning (LCCP, FCCP, and GCCP). Those behaviors are categorized in the form of identification in advertisements to whether they are local, foreign or global in terms of brand positioning† (Abd. Rahim & Osman, 2005, p. 36). The ten culture constructs paired with the culture positioning theory further sustain the advertising as a cultural system concept and shed light on the cultural reasons behind the differences in advertising content across geographical boundaries. Abd. Rahim and Osman (2005) suggest that the most profound effect of advertising upon consumers is in creating a culture that values the pursuit of certain lifestyles. David Slayden (1999) offers a complementary view to Abd. Rahim and Osman’s (2005) assessment of advertising effects: advertising identifies the important myths, symbols, and stories of culture and associates them with a product or service. Initially, British advertising often mirrored American ad experience. During this time, commercials were highly â€Å"unsuited to British tastes† (Nevett, 1992, p. 65). Commercials were being branded as intrusive. British television in the 50s was drastically different from American television; it had only one channel (BBC1) and saturation was low, only 16 percent coverage of private homes (Moskowitz, 1953). The introduction of commercial television into British life was a public corporation with a charter from the government, Independent Television Authority (ITV) (Burdett, 1955). ITV was proposed with the intention to set new standards of technical excellence, â€Å"bring â€Å"new verve into political discussions, improve the pace, and revive personality† (Burdett, 1955, p. 184). The BBC channel was inadequate, to say the least. As a service without a rival, it has tended to coast along†¦when it comes to drama and popular entertainment, one misses the technical proficiency and the pace and brightness of American TV productions†¦the accidents that happen on BBC television are startling to an American viewer. No one seems dismayed here if transmission breaks down and the screen goes black for five minutes. No one seems surprised if a program runs over for fifteen or twenty minutes; and if you see a news anchor talking, but there’s no voice—well that happens too. From time to time, the stagehands will wander out in front of the camera. Its all very casual†¦announcers are supposed to be as devoid of personality as conceivably possible. (Burdett, 1955, pp. 183-184) Also during this time, opinion leaders were opposed to the commercialization of British television: â€Å"The TV monster†¦would bring in its wake a host of undesirable things—the debasement of taste, the corruption of youth, the breakdown of law, and a huckster’s riot of vulgarity† (Burdett, 1955, p. 180). Lord Reith compared commercial television to smallpox, the Black Death, and the Bubonic Plague; when approved by Parliament in 1955, it did so against fierce opposition in the House of Lords (Nevett, 1992). British advertising then underwent a evolution during the 60s and 70s in an effort to infuse ‘Britishness’ (Dickason, 2000, p. 162) into their advertising practices, and additionally to revoke Americanization of British television. In an effort to sell a product and entertain a viewer at the same time, the advertiser â€Å"accepted that he was an unwanted visitor in peoples homes; if they were to let him in at all, or to let him return regularly, then he had better behave politely, quietly, and entertainingly† (Garrett, 1986). British advertising began to employ understated humor and a soft-sell approach, and had begun to make frequent use of features inherent in British culture, such as the persistence of class separation and affection for eccentricity (Nevett, 1992). Soft sell focuses predominantly on the entertainment factor of commercials and is considered noninvasive. As opposed to British advertising, American advertising techniques implore a hard-sell approach. This hard sell approach focuses on disseminating information and pressuring the consumer to buy.

Engagement Strategies At The Nguyen Family - 905 Words

Engagement Strategies Strategies to engage and successfully join the Nguyen family must include not only fundamental social work skills, but cultural engagement skills as well. First, as with every family, it is crucial during the first meeting with them to reiterate that it is their right to choose (or not) to engage with a worker. This engagement strategy is particularly important because it reinforces the family’s autonomy despite their need of services. If the family feels forced into working with a social worker, presumably the members of the family will not readily provide information and it will be impossible to effectively address the goals and best interests of the family. Secondly, engagement of the Nguyen’s requires emphasis on the strengths of the family. This is important for both the social worker and the family. For the social worker, awareness of strengths is vital because these strengths provide a framework for planning an intervention or referring serv ices that will help the family truly thrive. Moreover, recognizing strengths helps the worker remain optimistic that the family possesses capacities that provide an impetus for lasting, positive change in family functioning. Similarly, for the family, focusing on building strengths and skills removes the sentiment that they are hopelessly dysfunctional and inspires belief in their own abilities as both as a family and as individuals. Working with this family requires willingness to distinguish eachShow MoreRelatedHealth Promotion Is A Key Element Of The Nurses Role1707 Words   |  7 Pagescomplete physical, mental and social well being (World Health Organization 2005). Of the many occupations found in the health sector, it is nurses who continually need to interact with a range of individuals. 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What is a Remake Film Essay - 852 Words

A remake is a film that has been produced, based on, or inspired by, an already existing, older motion picture. Wether it be an allusion or a line-by-line retake of a movie, the term remake covers everything in the realm of reused material. However, the term generally pertains to a new version of an old film, usually with significant production and narrative changes. King Kong, released in 1933 by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack, is no exception. Legendary for its developments in soundtrack and visual effects, the original version of the film was the inspiration behind Peter Jackson’s want to become a director, remaking it in 2005 this time with new developments and interpretations of music and visual effects as well as story†¦show more content†¦Max Steiner’s 1933 soundtrack for King Kong was revolutionary. It was the first sound film to be accompanied by an original, non-diegetic, score that paralleled, supported and enhanced the narrative. These pioneering techniques strongly influenced the governing film scoring principles and have been used ever since. The 1933 King Kong uses an early variation of a technique called â€Å"mickey-mousing† which can be seen notably in scenes such as that with the Chieftain’s footsteps being synchronised, Kong as he searched for Jack on the cliff, and the low s trings imitating the aeroplanes in flight. It was also well known for its ground breaking use of themes/leitmotifs, short, reoccurring, musical phrases usually associated with a particular person or theme, such as a love theme for Ann and Kong as well as separate themes for their individual characters. â€Å"Mickey-mousing† was obsolete by 2005, however, and scores have become more preoccupied with defining the mood with fierce action music and emotional melodies like when Jack and Ann escape as it switches back and forth between frantic drumming as they’re chased and tentative suspense as Carl prepares the trap, for instance. 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Professional Development Plan Essay - 1171 Words

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Capital Budgeting Analysis of EMU Electronics

Question: Describe about the Capital Budgeting Analysis of EMU Electronics. Answer: Introduction EMU Electronics is considering production of a new smart phone which will have all the features of the old smart phone plus a new Wi-Fi tethering feature. A capital budgeting analysis has been performed to help in deciding whether to go ahead with the project or not depending on its viability and profitability. Capital Budgeting Analysis The costs of developing a prototype has not been considered in the analysis as it is a sunk cost and will not affect the projects future cash flows. Also the cost incurred in marketing research is considered a sunk cost and hence is not a part of the analysis. The table of net operating cash flows is given below: Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Equipment cost $3,45,00,000.00 Sales Volume 64000 106000 87000 78000 54000 Selling price $485.00 $485.00 $485.00 $485.00 $485.00 Revenues $3,10,40,000.00 $5,14,10,000.00 $4,21,95,000.00 $3,78,30,000.00 $2,61,90,000.00 Variable costs per unit $205.00 $205.00 $205.00 $205.00 $205.00 Variable costs $1,31,20,000.00 $2,17,30,000.00 $1,78,35,000.00 $1,59,90,000.00 $1,10,70,000.00 Fixed costs $51,00,000.00 $51,00,000.00 $51,00,000.00 $51,00,000.00 $51,00,000.00 Depreciation $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 EBIT $78,91,428.57 $1,96,51,428.57 $1,43,31,428.57 $1,18,11,428.57 $50,91,428.57 Income tax @30% $23,67,428.57 $58,95,428.57 $42,99,428.57 $35,43,428.57 $15,27,428.57 Operating income after tax $55,24,000.00 $1,37,56,000.00 $1,00,32,000.00 $82,68,000.00 $35,64,000.00 Add back depreciation $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 Operating cash flow $1,04,52,571.43 $1,86,84,571.43 $1,49,60,571.43 $1,31,96,571.43 $84,92,571.43 cash outflow for NOWC $62,08,000.00 Sale proceeds after tax $68,07,142.86 Recovery of NOWC $62,08,000.00 Project free cash flow -$3,45,00,000.00 $42,44,571.43 $1,86,84,571.43 $1,49,60,571.43 $1,31,96,571.43 $2,15,07,714.29 Discount rate 12% $1.00 $0.893 $0.797 $0.712 $0.636 $0.567 Present value of cash flows -$3,45,00,000.00 $37,89,795.92 $1,48,95,225.95 $1,06,48,639.24 $83,86,659.72 $1,22,04,054.69 Working Notes Depreciation Equipment cost $3,45,00,000.00 Useful life 7 years Depreciation = equipment cost / useful life =34500000 / 7 =$49,28,571.43 Terminal Value Equipment cost $3,45,00,000.00 Depreciation $49,28,571.43 Book value at end of five years $98,57,142.86 Salvage value $55,00,000.00 Loss on sale -$43,57,142.86 Tax benefit -$13,07,142.86 After tax proceeds $68,07,142.86 Payback period Year Project free cash flow Cumulative cash flows 0 -$3,45,00,000.00 -$3,45,00,000.00 1 $42,44,571.43 -$3,02,55,428.57 2 $1,86,84,571.43 -$1,15,70,857.14 3 $1,49,60,571.43 $33,89,714.29 4 $1,31,96,571.43 $1,65,86,285.71 5 $2,15,07,714.29 $3,80,94,000.00 Payback period = 2.8 years Profitability index = sum of discounted cash flows / initial investment = 1.4 IRR IRR = 26% NPV NPV = $1, 54, 24,375.51 Sensitivity of NPV to price changes For the purpose, we have assumed a fall in price of the smart phone by 10% and the change in NPV as a result. Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Equipment cost $3,45,00,000.00 Sales Volume 64000 106000 87000 78000 54000 Selling price $436.50 $436.50 $436.50 $436.50 $436.50 Revenues $2,79,36,000.00 $4,62,69,000.00 $3,79,75,500.00 $3,40,47,000.00 $2,35,71,000.00 Variable costs per unit $205.00 $205.00 $205.00 $205.00 $205.00 Variable costs $1,31,20,000.00 $2,17,30,000.00 $1,78,35,000.00 $1,59,90,000.00 $1,10,70,000.00 Fixed costs $51,00,000.00 $51,00,000.00 $51,00,000.00 $51,00,000.00 $51,00,000.00 Depreciation $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 EBIT $47,87,428.57 $1,45,10,428.57 $1,01,11,928.57 $80,28,428.57 $24,72,428.57 Income tax @30% $14,36,228.57 $43,53,128.57 $30,33,578.57 $24,08,528.57 $7,41,728.57 Operating income after tax $33,51,200.00 $1,01,57,300.00 $70,78,350.00 $56,19,900.00 $17,30,700.00 Add back depreciation $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 Operating cash flow $82,79,771.43 $1,50,85,871.43 $1,20,06,921.43 $1,05,48,471.43 $66,59,271.43 cash outflow for NOWC $55,87,200.00 Sale proceeds after tax $68,07,142.86 Recovery of NOWC $55,87,200.00 Project free cash flow -$3,45,00,000.00 $26,92,571.43 $1,50,85,871.43 $1,20,06,921.43 $1,05,48,471.43 $1,90,53,614.29 Discount rate 12% $1.00 $0.893 $0.797 $0.712 $0.636 $0.567 Present value of cash flows -$3,45,00,000.00 $24,04,081.63 $1,20,26,364.34 $85,46,289.51 $67,03,744.29 $1,08,11,532.44 NPV = $59, 92,012.2 Particulars Original New % change Price $485 $436.5 10% NPV $1,54,24,375.51 $59,92,012.2 61% NPV is highly sensitive to the price as with a decrease in price by 10%, NPV decreases by 61%. Sensitivity of NPV to quantity sold changes For the purpose, we have assumed a fall in quantity of the smart phone by 10% and the change in NPV as a result. Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Equipment cost $3,45,00,000.00 Sales Volume 56220 98220 79220 70220 46220 Selling price $485.00 $485.00 $485.00 $485.00 $485.00 Revenues $2,72,66,700.00 $4,76,36,700.00 $3,84,21,700.00 $3,40,56,700.00 $2,24,16,700.00 Variable costs per unit $205.00 $205.00 $205.00 $205.00 $205.00 Variable costs $1,15,25,100.00 $2,01,35,100.00 $1,62,40,100.00 $1,43,95,100.00 $94,75,100.00 Fixed costs $51,00,000.00 $51,00,000.00 $51,00,000.00 $51,00,000.00 $51,00,000.00 Depreciation $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 EBIT $57,13,028.57 $1,74,73,028.57 $1,21,53,028.57 $96,33,028.57 $29,13,028.57 Income tax @30% $17,13,908.57 $52,41,908.57 $36,45,908.57 $28,89,908.57 $8,73,908.57 Operating income after tax $39,99,120.00 $1,22,31,120.00 $85,07,120.00 $67,43,120.00 $20,39,120.00 Add back depreciation $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 $49,28,571.43 Operating cash flow $89,27,691.43 $1,71,59,691.43 $1,34,35,691.43 $1,16,71,691.43 $69,67,691.43 cash outflow for NOWC $54,53,340.00 Sale proceeds after tax $68,07,142.86 Recovery of NOWC $54,53,340.00 Project free cash flow -$3,45,00,000.00 $34,74,351.43 $1,71,59,691.43 $1,34,35,691.43 $1,16,71,691.43 $1,92,28,174.29 Discount rate 12% $1.00 $0.893 $0.797 $0.712 $0.636 $0.567 Present value of cash flows -$3,45,00,000.00 $31,02,099.49 $1,36,79,600.95 $95,63,259.77 $74,17,570.91 $1,09,10,582.48 NPV = $1, 01, 73,113.06 Particulars Original New % change Quantity sold 3,89,000 units 3,50,100 units 10% NPV $1,54,24,375.51 $1,01,73,113.06 34% Though NPV is sensitive to changes in quantity sold, however it is more sensitive to changes in the price. Recommendation Yes, EMU should produce the new smart phone as the project has a positive NPV, IRR is more than the required rate of return of 12%, the payback period is less than 5 years and the profitability index is more than 1. Effect of loss of sale of old models A loss of sale of other models due to introduction of the new model will have adverse effects on the analysis. The loss of sale will be regarded as an opportunity cost and will be treated as an expense and reduced from the revenue. This will reduce the operating income and operating cash flows, thus reducing the NPV of the project.